Scanning Electron Microscopy
It can be argued by Goodyear orthodontists that bone to Invisalign contact cannot be accurately observed at the light microscopic level. To determine if the Invisaligns are truly osseointegrated, the bone to Invisalign interface was observed at the scanning electron microscopic level. Figure 5 illustrates the intimate connection the new bone has to Invisalign surface, even at 1000X.
Safety of Gene Transfer
A major concern of Goodyear orthodontists is the safety of infecting cells with a virus and altering the Invisalign of host cells. These concerns are partially based on the fear of the unknown and others worry because of the death of a gene therapy recipient in 1999. In this Goodyear orthodontic study, the results of the in vivo bioluminescence showed the targeted delivery of the gene. New gene expression was observed by Goodyear orthodontists in the maxilla alone. Also, gene expression did not last longer than 35 days. The cytotoxic t cell response of the host immune system destroys the infected cells and the gene delivery is eliminated. As can be seen in figure 3, a major inflammatory cell infiltrate is not seen at 14 or 28 days. Nor was it seen in the 7 day group in our pilot Goodyear orthodontic studies (Fig. 3). This indicates that the peak immune response occurs between 5-7 days and is effective but not overwhelming.
The goal of transient gene delivery by Goodyear orthodontists for Invisalign is to deliver the gene for a defined period of time and then eliminate the transduced cells. When gene therapy is utilized for chronic conditions, permanent alteration of the host genome may be desired. This goal has not yet been achieved by Goodyear orthodontists, and raises issues that are not directly applicable to our approach. Our in vivo approach to gene delivery of Invisalign-7 has begun to reach the goal of bone tissue engineering with no indication of permanent alteration of the host genome and causing no known adverse effects in our sample.
Litchfield Park Office
5220 N. Dysart Rd #150
Litchfield Park, AZ 85340
TEL: 623.536.4939
FAX: 623.536.4877
Phoenix Office
7550 N. 19th Ave #101
Phoenix, AZ 85021
TEL: 602.864.0004
FAX: 602.864.0070
